Cumulative direct emission reductions by mitigation strategy in the sustainable development scenario between 2020 and 2050

Notes

STEPS = Stated Policies Scenario, SDS = Sustainable Development Scenario. Emission reductions are measured relative to the Stated Policies Scenario; as such, the proportion of improvements relative to today that occurs in both scenarios is not represented (e.g. a significant share of increases in scrap-based production). Material efficiency here refers specifically to demand reduction. Electrification here includes only direct electrification, primarily via conventional technologies, including shifts towards secondary production in EFs and electrification of ancillary process equipment like preheaters and boilers. Hydrogen here refers specifically to electrolytic hydrogen, while so-called blue hydrogen (via natural gas-based DRI with CCUS) is included under CCUS. Other fuel shifts include primarily coal to natural gas switching.