Countries in phases of variable renewables integration, 2023-2030

Notes

VRE= variable renewables integration.

Phase 1: VRE has no significant impact at the system level.
Phase 2: VRE has a minor to moderate impact on the system.
Phase 3: VRE determines the operation pattern of the power system.
Phase 4: VRE meets almost all demand at times.
Phase 5: Significant volumes of surplus VRE across the year.
Phase 6: Secure electricity supply almost exclusively from VRE.