Comparison of global average lifecycle emissions by powertrain in the Stated Policies and Announced Pledges Scenarios, 2023-2035

Sources

IEA analysis based on the Global Energy and Climate Model, IFP, GREET, EV Volumes, Dai et al., Degen et al., Frith et al..

Notes

ICEV = internal combustion engine vehicle; HEV = hybrid electric vehicle; PHEV = plug-in hybrid electric vehicle; BEV = battery electric vehicle. “Grid decarbonisation impact” refers to the effect of electricity emissions intensity improvements over the lifetime of the vehicle. The years 2023 and 2035 refer to the first year of use of the vehicle. For further details on the assumptions behind this lifecycle analysis, please see annex B. To explore the impact of varying assumptions and additional regional insights, the online lifecycle analysis (LCA) tool can be consulted.