Annual investment in fossil fuels and clean energy, 2015-2023

Notes

Clean energy: In power, clean energy includes: renewable energy sources, nuclear power, fossil fuels fitted with CCUS, hydrogen and ammonia; battery storage; and electricity grids. In efficiency, clean energy includes energy efficiency in buildings, industry and transport, excluding aviation bunkers and domestic navigation. In end-use applications, clean energy includes: direct use of renewables; electric vehicles; electrification in buildings, industry and international marine transport; CCUS in industry and direct air capture. In fuel supply, clean energy includes low-emissions fuels, direct air capture, and measures to reduce the emissions intensity of fossil fuel production.