IEA (2023), Annual CAPEX and R&D spending commitments on EVs and digital technologies by selected automakers, 2019-2022, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/annual-capex-and-r-and-d-spending-commitments-on-evs-and-digital-technologies-by-selected-automakers-2019-2022, Licence: CC BY 4.0