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Scaling Up Demand Flexibility
From peak management to efficient system operation This report has been developed as part of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks (3DEN) initiative to examine the growing importance of demand flexibility in electricity systems amid rising demand, increased renewable energy integration and the electrification of power systems. Case studies in chronological order to examine the changing role of demand flexibility over time from South Africa (2025), Thailand (2030) and Ireland (2035) demonstrate how demand flexibility improves reliability, reduces costs, supports renewables integration and manages network constraints. To realise these benefits, the report emphasises the role for…
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Stepping Up the Value Chain in Africa Executive summary
Africa is endowed with vast energy resources – fossil fuels, but also solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal – and yet energy supply remains limited: Around 600 million people on the continent lack reliable access to electricity. This energy gap constrains economic growth and industrial potential, particularly in rural areas where agriculture remains the dominant sector in the economy. As African economies grow and urbanise, the demand for energy-intensive industries and infrastructure is rising. Strategic investments in sustainable industrialisation can create a virtuous cycle that expands energy access and drives productivity, which in turn can attract more investment.Market opportunities already exist. Globally…
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South Sudan
South Sudan is one of Eastern Africa's major oil resource holders but exported more than 85% of its production in 2014. Only 1% of the population had access to electricity in the country in 2017.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Cameroon
Electrification rates are relatively high in Cameroon compared to the Central African region: 54% of the population has access to electricity, while consumption remains low. The country produced 70 kb/d of oil in 2013, but production is gradually declining.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Angola
Angola is set to become the largest producer of crude oil in Southern Africa, yet has also set the foundation for the sustainable development of renewables, through investments and supportive measures. Angola has particularly strong hydropower generation potential that remains underutilised.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Nigeria
Nigeria is the largest economy and the richest oil resource centre of the African continent. The country also remains the largest gas consumer and producer of West Africa. Notable power sector reforms are underway in Nigeria, including plans for electrification.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Clean energy investment landscape: setting the scene
…SAS requires mobilising over USD 200 billion annually by 2030, but energy investment has been declining in Africa and in 2022 was under USD 90 billion. Clean energy spending was a fraction of this at around USD 25 billion – only 2% of the global total despite the recent rise in global clean energy investment. This is far from what is required to meet the growing energy needs of 20% of the global population. Under current financing norms, project developers often struggle to access adequate capital and capital providers to identify investable assets. Resolving this disconnect requires effort on both demand and supply, with African governments, donors…
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Executive summary
…African countries have had to deal with a series of overlapping crises, including the Covid-19 pandemic, the energy and food crises following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and worsening climate risks. Borrowing costs have reached unsustainable levels in multiple countries, and debt servicing costs are now double the level of clean energy investment across the continent. Achieving the region’s energy development and climate goals requires energy investment to more than double from today’s USD 90 billion by 2030, at which point nearly two-thirds of spending would go to clean energy. Energy investment in Africa has been falling in…
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Designing finance solutions for clean energy: solutions for key sectors
…of the region’s population, but, given their less developed regulatory environment and lower demand, attract only a small share of investment. Ensuring concessional capital is targeted to support these lower-income countries is vital. Massive investment in Africa’s grids is critical to improve system reliability, expand access and facilitate the integration of variable renewables. The poor financial health of utilities has hampered investment to date, but models have emerged for greater private sector participation in this segment. Adoption of these models increases private sector investment in grids from 4% to 10% by 2030. Energy efficiency is not currently…
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Sudan
Most of Sudan’s electricity generation comes from hydropower, and more than half of the Eastern African region’s total oil-based capacity is located in the country. Sudan is also contemplating scaling up projects on solar power in the coming years.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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