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Electrolysers
Country and regional highlights
Progress is spread across different continents, from China, which leads on installed capacity, to the European Union, which have adopted important policies, and other regions like India and the Middle East moving forward with a small number of large-scale projects
Technology deployment
Global installed electrolyser capacity reached 1.4 GW at the end of 2023, almost double the one at the end of 2022
Technology manufacturing
Innovation
Policy
Investment
Acknowledgements
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Authorisation for the right to receive the return on operation for high-efficiency cogeneration facilities using renewable fuels or natural gas
The high-efficiency cogeneration, which uses renewable fuels, natural gas or low-emission fuels, is an important tool for improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions in industrial uses of energy. Faced with the upcoming end of the statutory useful life of a significant portion of the cogeneration installations currently in use, it becomes necessary to establish an authorisation, which makes it possible to extend its useful life. In this way, the said capacity will remain in operation, while also avoiding the need to allocate considerable financial resources to replace it at a time when funding is going to become a…
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How global oil supplies have readjusted to help fill the huge gap left by the Strait of Hormuz shock
…but also for petrochemical feedstocks, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking, and middle distillates such as diesel and jet fuel. As the crisis intensified in early April, the North Sea Dated international crude oil benchmark reached an all-time high of $144 per barrel – more than double its pre-war levels, with even steeper gains recorded for jet fuel and diesel.Prices have since eased significantly as demand has fallen sharply, and on increased optimism that a deal would be reached to enable more regular shipping flows through the Strait. The new agreement last week between the United States and…
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What are the biggest sources of energy today?
…of total energy supply. Low-emissions sources – renewables and nuclear – accounted for around 20%.
Global energy demand rose by 1.3% in 2025 (a smaller rise than in 2024 but in line with the previous decade’s average). To meet this increase, all major fuels and technologies expanded.
The trends indicate that changes to the global energy mix are gathering pace. One energy source grew much faster than the others: solar PV. It met 27% of the world’s energy demand growth in 2025 – the first time a modern renewable source covered the largest portion of growth. Natural gas covered…
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Environmental Protection Act
With the revision of the CO2 Act adopted by Parliament on 15 March 2024, Article 35d of the Environmental Protection Act was also revised. Among other things, this links the placing on the market of renewable fuels to compliance with ecological requirements. Furthermore, the article gives the Federal Council the authority to also set ecological requirements for the placing on the market of low-emission fuels (including hydrogen)
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Hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels demand by sector in the Announced Pledges Scenario, 2024-2050
Southeast Asia Asia Pacific Energy Security Hydrogen
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Energy and Water
…and current trends point to another doubling to 2030. Some 21,000 desalination plants currently operate in about 150 countries, from the United States and China to Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia – though half of global installed capacity is located in the Middle East and North Africa. Renewables can help ease the energy sector's water problem In a scenario in which global energy sector emissions reach net zero by 2050, water withdrawals by the energy sector decline by almost 20 bcm by 2030. The biggest reductions happen in the power sector, where withdrawals fall nearly 15% as coal…
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Critical Minerals
Critical minerals are essential for a range of today’s energy technologies and for the broader economy. For example, lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese and graphite are crucial to battery performance. Rare earth elements are essential indispensable to the permanent magnets used in wind turbines and electric vehicle motors. Electricity networks need a huge amount of aluminium and copper, the latter of which is the cornerstone of all electricity-related technologies. As demand for these materials grows strongly, their strategic importance has also increased – and policymakers have made ensuring secure and resilient mineral supply chains a major priority. Critical Minerals Security…
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Renewable Energy Progress Tracker
Explore electricity, heat and renewable fuels data from Renewables 2025 and renewables ambitions by 2030
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Access and Affordability
…Senegal, Uganda and Zambia, with the aim of promoting sustainable and inclusive economic growth through the transition towards a low-carbon and climate-resilient energy sector, while delivering universal and affordable energy access to all. Today, 730 million people around the world live without access to electricity, while over 2 billion people continue to rely on harmful cooking fuels such as charcoal, wood, agricultural waste and animal dung – the use of which is a leading cause of premature death and serious health issues in many of the poorest regions of the world.The IEA is at the forefront of efforts to…